Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Development Path of Industry–University–Research Cooperation and Economic Vulnerability: Evidence from China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt

This study explores the impact of industry–university–research (IUR) cooperation on economic system. The constructs a vulnerability evaluation index comprising 42 indicators in five dimensions. Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) panel data from 2006–2018 are used to assess China. research results show that, firstly, 2006–2018, values indicated good development trend, with fluctuations sensitivity and indices. response ability gradually increased, especially later this period. showed promising trend low sensitivity, high ability, vulnerability. Secondly, spatial distribution pattern demonstrated certain laws continuity, but process was unstable, while eastern < central western “ladder” evolution pattern, “extremely poor” characteristics, an “agglomeration” evolutionary path. Thirdly, IUR regional can be divided into three phases: knowledge interaction, creation, application. interaction synergy between universities, institutions, enterprises play role development. recommends strengthening coupling coordination production, (R&D), cooperation, innovation, dual functions government guidance market decision making.